Task 1: Problem clarification and critical evaluation DO NOT COPY AND PASTE FROM THE WEB.
1A) Choose an existing engineering design, tool or process. This must relate to your engineering discipline. Consider your engineering disciplines and the typical engineering designs, tools or processes utilised in the industry. Write a detailed paragraph stating why this has been chosen.
1B) Research a brief history of the chosen engineering design. Write this in your own words and reference the original sources using the Harvard style of referencing.
1C) Describe the form and function using appropriate engineering terminology. Discuss why the current design was designed the way it was. Comment on aspects relating to the sustainability of the design.
1D) Carry out a detailed SWOT Analysis for your chosen engineering design. List the:
• Strengths (list things that can be built on further in possible extreme redesigns)
• Threats (list any technologies, competitors that threaten the future of the engineering design)
2A) Describe the design method that you carried out to generate lots of ideas.
For example: Brainstorming, Scamper or Mind-mapping.
Briefly discuss why the method is beneficial to engineers when they are solving problems.
2B) Provide detailed evidence of the design method that you have used to think of ideas.
Students should aim for 20+ ideas.
2C) Write a short summary of the design process: What are the top 2 ideas chosen that will be drawn for
Hint: Lecture notes in the following location on the VLE may help: Design Projects ➔ Class Projects 4 ➔ ‘DandP Class Projects 4 (Generating Ideas)’.
If you are stuck for ideas, the following questions may help you to develop an idea:
Can I increase the Accessibility? (to a wider range of target user e.g. the elderly or disabled)
3A) Produce two hand-drawn design improvements (sketches). Each sketch must:
3B) Produce two CAD models of the designs using Autodesk Fusion 360.
Hint: Lecture notes in the CAD location on the VLE may help. Also consider using linkedin.com/learning.
4A) Use a Concept Selection method to select a final design.
4B) Discuss and summarise the reasons why the idea was chosen.
Hint: Lecture notes in Design Projects ➔ Design Project 1 ➔ ‘DandP Lecture (Concept Selection in Engineering)’ may help.
1. A single report document (Arial 11 point or equivalent, single line spacing, normal margins).
Complete a well-structured short report. Include the following:
2. Reasons for choosing the engineering design, its history, and a critical evaluation (Task 1).
3. Evidence of the design method(s) used to aid the idea generation process (Task 2).
4. A range of drawings (hand drawn and CAD) that are clearly labelled (Task 3).
The drawings must be inserted into the digital copy of the report, and must be clear.
Unclear drawings or screenshots will be marked down.
5. An appropriate concept selection method which determines a final design (Task 4).
Advice: To avoid plagiarism DO NOT copy information from other sources without referencing it correctly. Refer to the Plagiarism HS4 Document on the VLE (in: Harvard Referencing and Plagiarism folder).
To evaluate an existing Engineering tool (or process equipment) and think creatively to overcome open ended problems.
A well thought through explanation of a tool / process and an extensive exploration of a range of improvements.
To be able to use techniques such as brainstorming, mind-mapping or other design methods.
Clear evidence of innovative solutions having been developed using appropriate innovatory techniques.
To be able to communicate ideas during the design development stage by hand drawing and using Computer-Aided Design.
Drawings which clearly portray the ideas developed.
To condense a range of potential development areas through sound rationale and elimination.
Choice of a suitable final design, demonstrating clear reasoning behind the choice.
Design
and Practice – Coursework
Table of contents
|
Sr.No.
|
Parameters
|
Page No.
|
|
Task 1
|
|
1
|
Introduction of Chosen engineering
design
|
3
|
|
2
|
Brief History about the Valves
|
3
|
|
3
|
Engineering Terminology of Valve
|
4
|
|
4
|
S.W.O.T Analysis
|
6
|
|
Task 2
|
|
5
|
Brief on Design Method
|
6
|
|
5.1
|
Brainstorming
|
7
|
|
5.2
|
Benefits
|
8
|
|
6
|
Evidence of Design Method
|
9
|
|
7
|
Design Process
|
10
|
|
Task 3
|
|
8
|
Design Improvements
|
10
|
|
9
|
CAD models
|
11
|
|
Task 4
|
|
10
|
Concept Selection Method
|
12
|
|
10.1
|
Pugh concept selections
|
13
|
|
10.2
|
Design Selections
|
13
|
|
10.3
|
Determining Criteria
|
14
|
|
11
|
Summary
|
14
|
|
12
|
References
|
14
|
1. Introduction
of Chosen engineering design
The most
ultimate reason of selecting valves as a project topic is its application. it's
almost used everywhere right from industry to household. Valves serve a spread
of purposes within the industrial, engineering, manufacturing and scientific
communities. Selecting the proper valve can determine the success or failure of
the system or process. the most purpose of a valve is to manage media flow
through a system. The valve is also wont to start, stop, or throttle the flow
to confirm safe and efficient operation of the method.
Valves won't
be the foremost glamorous piece of kit during a chemical process industries
(CPI) facility, but no plant can function without them. additionally, multiple
challenges and issues specific to the chemical processing industry affect
valves and valve performance. The valves often operate through the employment
of signals that are programmed to possess a bunch point for a predetermined
process variable. Because the
utilization of chemicals, especially hazardous ones, is such a particular
process, the control valve must often perform to exacting standards. They are
generally controlled electronically, hydraulically, pneumatically, and even in
some cases, manually by trained operators. The valves are wont to add a
controlled dosage of chemicals to a different set at certain levels and under
certain circumstances.
In many chemical processing applications,
control valves must operate in extremely harsh environments. The valves are
designed to handle brutal acidic, corrosive, abrasive, and other hazardous
conditions and should be required to satisfy or exceed ASME B16.34 or related
specifications.
It is also essential that these valves are
well constructed and perform as intended so as to make sure a smooth
operational process, avoid damage to surrounding equipment from leakage, and
most important, to keep hazardous media within the system and safeguard the
safety of personnel.
2.
Brief History about the Valves
Since the
Ancient times, the men knew how to regulate water, either with stones or
branches and trunks from the trees. Egyptians, Greeks and other cultures were
able to drive the water from rivers and fountains for public use or irrigation.
But the Romans were the real developers of canal systems. They bring water form
fountains and rivers to the villages, sometimes at long distances and saving
important obstacles by means of aqueducts.[ Enzo Fabio y Luca Fassitelli.]
The valves
were plug or stopcock type, made in bronze, nowadays ASTM B-67. This material
was well known by the master of the "Collegia Fabrorum". It was rich
in lead, no cracked, anti-corrosive, ductile, able to weld to the pipes of
bronze or lead and good friction properties which facilitated the rotation of
the plug.[ Enzo Fabio y Luca
Fassitelli.]
The parts of
the valve were a body, a holed plug, a bottom, and a long levy for turning the
plug. Sometimes a pin was forced with a hammer into the valve, and then the
plug could turn but not be removed. That was a way to avoid taking out the plug
for defrauding water which seemed to be a widespread practice at these times as
some holes found in the inlet of the valves. [Enzo Fabio y Luca Fassitelli.]
At several
Mediterranean towns were found small valves, all of them had similar design,
such as in Rabat, Djemila, Istambul, Avarches, Augusta (where there was also
found butterfly valves as taps) and Naples (were the plugs were cylindric). [Enzo Fabio y Luca Fassitelli.]
Romans used
a primitive diaphragm valve, made of crude leather that was manually closed
over a weir, to control flow and temperature of household bath water.
There is
also evidence of the use of angular valves, mixing valves and also check valves
for avoiding back flow.
During the
middle Ages there were not any very important designing progresses. It was
during the Renaissance when the construction of canals, irrigation systems and
other hydraulic works included more sophistificated valves. Leonardo Da Vinci
left good samples in his sketches. [Enzo Fabio y Luca Fassitelli].
The modern
history of the valve industry starts with the Industrial Revolution. At 1705
Thomas Newcomen invented the first steam machine. It needed valves able to keep
and regulate the steam at high pressure. As new inventors as James Watt created
new machines, they also improve the design of the valves. But it was until many
years later when the production of valves was at great scale, independently of particular
project. [Enzo Fabio y Luca Fassitelli.]
3. Engineering
Terminology of Valve
As there are
many kinds of valves such as gate, globe and check valves. Some of the
components are commonly used in all of them like body, disc/wedge, stem, etc.
From now onwards we will be discussing mainly about the gate valves. Its
components, design aspects, calculations and API standards.
A gate valve
or sluice valve, as it is sometimes known, is a valve that opens by lifting a
round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. A gate valve is
used to control the flow of volatile, often toxic, liquids and gases and keep
them from being emitted into the atmosphere or spilled on the ground or into
the water. A gate valves are sometimes used for regulating flow, but many are
not suited for that purpose, having been designed to be fully opened or
closed.
A gate valve
controls system or process fluid flow and pressure by performing any functions
such as stopping and starting fluid flow, varying (throttling) the amount of
fluid flow, controlling the direction of fluid flow, regulating downstream
system or process pressure. The basic parts of expanding gate valve assembly
with the constructional detail shown in fig.1 are explained as below:
Fig.1:
Sectional view of Gate Valve
Valve body:
An expanding gate valve is a Bi-directional valve i.e. they can be used for
flow of fluid from either directions. However, it is preferable that it should
be installed such that flow is directed towards the minor segment. The valves
can be made of carbon and alloyed steel using gravity casting method.
Major &
minor gate segment (Expanding gate): An expanding gate valve with steel bodies
and bonnets comprises of two gate segments, referred to as major gate and minor
gate segment, are confined by the seats and gate guides such that they can move
in vertical direction only. The expanding gate design provides a tight
mechanical seal which is normally unaffected by pressure variations.
Spring with
pin: The major (driving) gate segment is connected by thread to the operating
stem. The minor (driven) gate segment nests to the major segment on a biangular
surface and they are held together by leaf springs on each side.
Seat
assembly: Gate valve is equipped with removable seats which are fitted into the
valve body. The seats along with teflon coating are press fit into the body to
affect a metal-tometal body-seat seal.
Stem: Gate
valves are characterized as having either a rising or a non rising stem. Rising
stems provide a visual indication of valve position because the stem is
attached to the gate such that the gate and stem rise and lower together as the
valve is operated.
Bonnet
with bearing box: Bonnets
provide leak proof closure for the valve body. Gate valves may have a screw-in,
union, or bolted bonnet. Screw-in bonnet is the simplest, offering a durable,
pressure-tight seal. Union bonnet is suitable for applications requiring
frequent inspection and cleaning. It also gives the body added strength. Bolted
bonnet is used for larger valves & higher pressure applications.
Hand
wheel: The hand wheel
operated gate valve is closed by turning the hand wheel in the clockwise
direction and opened by turning the hand wheel in the counter clockwise
direction.
- S.W.O.T Analysis
●
They provide leak-proof service,
●
Open and close quickly,
●
Compared to globe valves, they have
very small dimensions,
●
Compared to globe valves, they are
lighter,
●
The multi-designed flexibility does
not exist in the other valves, and hence
it lowers the amount of valves needed,
●
These valves are manufactured in
different sizes and shapes providing flexibility in selection,
●
The high quality valves provide safe
service under high temperature and high pressure conditions, and
●
Compared to other valves, they are
controlled with less force.
●
The position of the valve handle is
rotated,
●
Could not be used for throttling,
and
●
These valves with drive mechanism
should be installed upright.
·
The double block and bleed valve can replace
existing ball valves.
·
The only threat to ball valves is the automation
in the actuation process
- Brief on design method
Design
methods are systematic techniques that “attempt to bring rational procedures
into the design process” [Cross 2000]. They encourage and enable to think
beyond the first idea or value judgments that comes to an engineer’s head
[Cross 2000], and allow team mates to externalize their thoughts todiscuss them
and integrate them in a whole. They are
not modeling tools that require a pre-conception of what to represent, they are
the actual techniques to come up with the concept of what must be designed and
how to realize it [Killander 2001].
The design methods
generated in the
field of engineering design
are mostly domain-independent, in
contrast to the
domain-dependent analytical
methods of traditional
design [Rohatinsky 2001].
Most design methods
do not highlight any attribute of the concept, quite
the opposite they promote the development of consistent concepts that behave
well with respect
the whole set
of objectives. To
gain a comprehensive
overview of existing design
methods descriptions and
examples of their
use can be
found in sources,
such as,[Pugh 1991, Jones 1992,
Roozenburg & Eekels 1995, Pahl & Beitz 1996, Cross 2000].
“Ideation is
that the mode of the look process during which you think about idea generation.
The main aim of the Ideation stage is to use creativity and innovation so as to
develop solutions. By expanding the answer space, the look teams are ready to
look beyond the standard methods of solving problems so as to seek out better,
more elegant, and satisfying solutions to problems that affect a user's
experience of a product.
In the
Design Thinking process, the Ideation stage often follows the primary two
stages, which are the empathize stage and define stage. there's a big overlap
between the Define and Ideation stages of a typical Design Thinking process.
Interpreting information and defining the problem(s) and ideation both drive
the generation of problem solutions. This overlap is represented within the
varieties of methods design teams employ during these two stages. for instance,
Body storm and “How Might We” questions are often employed in both of those
stages.
Ideation
Will Help You:
l
Ask
the right questions and innovate.
l
Step
beyond the obvious solutions and therefore increase the
innovation potential of your solution.
l Bring together perspectives and
strengths of team members.
l Uncover unexpected areas of
innovation.
l Create volume and variety in your
innovation options.
l
Get
obvious solutions out of your heads, and drive your team beyond them.
5.1
Brainstorming
At its most
simple level, a Brainstorm session involves sprouting related points from a
central idea. Brainstorming is one in every of the first methods employed
during the Ideation stage of a typical Design Thinking process. Brainstorming
could be a good way to get many ideas by leveraging the collective thinking of
the group, by engaging with one another, listening, and building on other
ideas. This method involves that specialize in one problem or challenge at a
time, while team members ride each other’s responses and ideas with the aim of
generating as many potential solutions as possible. These can then be refined
and narrowed right down to the simplest solution(s). Participants must then
select the simplest, the foremost practical, or the foremost innovative ideas
from the choices they’ve come up with.
We’ve
summarized the simplest practices and brain storming rules from the Institute
of Design at Stanford (d.school) and also the successful design company, IDEO
who celebrates Design Thinking.
1. Set a time limit
2. Start with an issue statement, point
of view, possible questions, a plan, or a goal and stay focused on the topic:
Identify the core subject or the most aim of the exercise. for instance, what
are you trying to achieve? Are you trying to boost a particular feature? Are
you specializing in ways to boost the general experience? Condense the most
issue into an issue statement and condense it into a brief “How Might We”
sentence. you will even be able to synthesis this into single word. Your ideas
should branch far from this central headline. continue Topic: it's easy to veer
off and take many different directions during brainstorming sessions,
especially after you try to be open-minded and unconstrained in your efforts to
return up with ideas. it's important that members continue topic. Focus is
essential; otherwise, the method can become confusing, or ideas can become
muddled and cross between solutions for other problems. Every effort should be
made by the facilitator to stay members on the central theme and goal. you
would possibly even want to designate a selected brain stormer to keep up the
thread and stop team members veering astray.
3. Defer judgment or criticism, including
non-verbal: The brainstorming environment isn't the time to argue or for
questioning other members’ ideas; each member includes a responsibility to
foster relations that advance the session. For this reason, judgment comes
later so rather than blocking an idea, you and your other team members are
encouraged to come up with your own ideas that sprout off from those provided
by the other members of your team.
4. Encourage weird, wacky and wild ideas:
once more, as brainstorming could be a creation, each member should attempt to
encourage other members and make an environment during which they feel
comfortable verbalizing their ideas. Free thinking may produce some ideas that
are wide off the mark, but brainstorming is about drawing up as many ideas as
possible which are then whittled down until the simplest possible option
remains.
5. Aim for quantity:
Brainstorming is effectively an imaginative exercise, within which design thinkers are encouraged to let their imaginations run
wild. The stress is on quantity, instead of quality at this stage.
6. Rely on each others' ideas: Typically,
one persons idea leads to another persons idea by considering the thoughts,
opinions, and ideas of other team members during the brainstorming session, new
insights and perspectives could even be achieved, which then inform one's own
ideas. Thus, the team will still build ideas which hopefully become
progressively more refined and targeted towards the central issue.
7. Be visual: The physical act of writing
something down or drawing a picture so as to bring a concept to life can help
people dream up new ideas or view the identical ideas in several way. The
brainstorming session is more likely to evolve if team members visualize and
produce ideas to life instead of depend upon discussion alone.
8. One conversation at a time: Design
thinkers (or brainstormers) should focus on one point or conversation at a time
so as not to muddy their thinking and lose sight of the thread or current
objective.
5.2 Benefits of Brainstorming
Not without
reason brainstorming is such a well-liked method. If done correctly, it
promises great benefits:
1.
A
brainstorming session is usually the pis aller when other techniques and
methods don't deliver the specified solutions.
2.
There
are only some basic rules to follow. These are easy to find out and perform.
3.
Additionally,
the prices for a brainstorming session are very low in regard to the output.
4.
The
largest advantage is that the amount of generated ideas. At best, engineers
with different knowledge and different experiences move. they create together
various ideas and suggestions. Sometimes “non-professionals” have the simplest
and ideas and encourage the expert with their unusual ideas.
5.
This
manner you reach people with whom you'd otherwise never inherit contact.
6.
Because
the ideas don't seem to be criticized or rejected during a brainstorming
session, interesting proposals will be refined gradually. The engineers of the
brainstorming build their solutions on the ideas of others, “think them up” and
improve them.
7.
Finally,
joint brainstorming improves the working atmosphere. Working creatively
motivates engineers. The solutions found are generally more accepted by the
team and can be implemented with more support within the organization..
6.
Evidence
of Design methods
After the detailed learning of design methods some charts have been made.
With the help of brainstorming certain ideas have been generated. While doing
this the help of some experts of valve division, oil-gas industry personnel’s
and other industrial pioneers have been taken. Based upon the outcomes came in
brainstorming activity mainly two kinds of evidences have been made. The first
one is general for the valves based upon its uses and covering area. While
second one is a brief about the gate valve and its components along with rough
sketches of the components.
Fig2. Brainstorming evidence of valves
Fig3. Brainstorming evidences of gate valves
components
- Design Process
The engineering design process could be a series of steps that engineers
follow to return up with an answer to an issue. Over and over the answer
involves designing a product (like a machine or computer code) that meets
certain criteria and/or accomplishes a particular task. This process is
different from the Steps of the methodology, which you'll be more at home with.
If your project involves making observations and doing experiments, you ought
to probably follow the methodology. If your project involves designing,
building, and testing something, you ought to probably follow the Engineering
Design Process.
The defining of problem in the gate valve has been done by using
brainstorming technique. Later discussing with the expert in the field of
valves and oil-gas industry, certain research work has been carried out. With
the help of research papers and other thesis, the bottle-necking in the design
of gate have been identified. After that the evaluation of the proposed changes
done. Then the new design is sent for the validation. The validation is carried
out using some simulation software defining all the boundary conditions. Once
the proposed design is validated then the prototype will be made. The trials
will be run on the prototype and results will be obtained. If everything goes
as per the plan, then the new design adapted for regular manufacturing.
- Design Improvements
Gate
valves are the mostly used as shut off valves in the industries. Gates valves
are used where minimum pressure drop & bi-directional on-off service is
required. From the above brainstorming data and discussion with the experts,
the further working have been done on two main components of the gate valve.
The body and seat ring to improve the performance and reduction in weight.
Description:-
Flexible
wedge, outside screw & yoke, bolted bonnet Design, flanged End.
Design Standards:-
API
600
Inputs:-
Face
to Face Dims: - 178mm (As Per ASME B16.10 STD.)
Bore
Dia:-50.8mm (As Per API 600)
Fig4. Wedge and seat ring diagram
The
bottom end of the left side of wedge slant line is 3.5 deg because of that seat
leak problem arises due to this if we taken a slant line is 5 deg the seat leak
and fouling problem will not occur.
- CAD models
The CAD modeling has been done with the help of Autodesk Fusion 360 based
upon the previously made designs. The wall thickness has been reduced as per
the trial error method. Later, cross checking the valves for the leakage by
simulations.
Fig5. CAD model of Body
Fig4. CAD model of Wedge
- Concept Selection method
After going through the concept generation
process like brainstorming, I have a long list of creative ideas. For deciding
which idea I have to further pursue. So decision-making structure I am
approaching towards Pugh Concept
Selection method.
10.1 Pugh Concept Selections
The Pugh concept selection method doesn't aim
to pick out the simplest concept, but to develop the simplest concept. Most of
the time, there's not one superior concept, but each with strengths and
weaknesses. Thus, the Pugh concept selection combines and improves concepts by
removing bad features and mixing only the simplest ones.
The Pugh concept selection method aims to
travel from specification to concept. It emphasizes thought convergent by
selecting among options and divergent by synthesizing new options. When
performing Pugh, it's best to figure in teams and with a workspace that enables
for plenty of sketching and discussion. While there should be a minimum of
three concepts to check amongst, they are doing not always should be variants
of the identical concept. Pugh may be accustomed compare completely different
concepts on their appropriateness as a project.
10.2 Design Selection
This section outlines a way to execute the
Pugh Concept Selection. Firstly, prepare the choice matrix with design concepts
on the highest row.
·
Prepare the selection parameters with design
concepts or ideas on top row and criteria on the leftmost column in the table.
·
Select the “best” concept to beat competitors.
·
Rate each concept against the choice criteria
relative to the neutral
·
Use the key 0 = same + = Better - = Worse
·
Search data from external source like spec
sheets or ask an expert.
·
Build a prototype and test!
·
Rank concepts
·
Combine and improve concept
·
Select one or more
·
Reflect on results and process
|
Ideas
|
|
|
SELECTION
CRITERIA
|
1
|
2
|
Ref.
|
|
|
0
|
|
Weight
reduction
|
+
|
+
|
0
|
|
Ease
in operation
|
+
|
0
|
0
|
|
Manufacturing
Ease
|
+
|
-
|
0
|
|
Labor
cost
|
+
|
0
|
0
|
|
Customer
satisfaction
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Quality
enhancement
|
-
|
+
|
0
|
|
Aesthetics
|
+
|
0
|
0
|
|
Ease
of fluid flow
|
-
|
+
|
0
|
|
Plus
|
5
|
4
|
|
|
Same
|
1
|
4
|
|
|
Minus
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
Net
|
3
|
2
|
|
|
Rank
|
1
|
2
|
|
|
Continue
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
Table 1 - Pugh Selection Matrix for gate valve
10.3 Determining Criteria
·
Customer/need related
·
Technical/performance related
·
Process/enterprise related
·
Low manufacturing cost
·
Short time to market
·
Time/cost of development
- Summary
A detailed design process and methods have been learned and used for
carrying out the ideas. The design method and its techniques help to generate
the level of thinking and approach towards any process, or engineering design. There
are several factors affecting the design of any process and components. Most
important thing is to generate the optimum results from the new
implementations. Out of the several ideas, the two important ideas where
concentrated for the improvement in the performances of the gate valves. The
first one is reducing wall thickness of body and second one is changing the
angle of wedge.The Design
of the gate valve should be compact to minimize the cost of the valve and the degree
of the wedge will take 5 deg instead of 3.5 deg because of that the wear travel
will be proper, seat leak and fouling problem will not occur.
- References
1.
Togliard- "Rome engineering and industry" - Enzo
Fabio y Luca Fassitelli. Ed. Petrolieri d'Italia.
2.
Merati,
P.; Macelt, M.J.; and Erickson, R.B. (2001). Flow investigation around a
V-sector ball valve. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 123(3), 662-671.
3.
Huang,
C.; and Kim, R.H. (1996). Three-dimensional analysis of partially open
butterfly valve flows. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 118(3), 562-568.
4.
Miller,
H.L.; and Stratton, L.R. (1997). Fluid kinetic energy as selection criteria for
control valves. ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, ASME
FED-301, 22-26.
5.
Chern,
M.-J.; and Wang, C.-C. (2004). Control of volumetric flow-rate of ball valve
using V-port. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 126(3), 471-481.
6.
Yakhot,
V.; Orszag, S.A.; Thangam, S.; Gatski, T.B.; and Speziale, C.G. (1992).
Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion
technique. Physics of Fluids A, 4, 1510-1520.
7.
Dae-woong
kim,Sun-Geun Park,Sin-Cheul Kang,Yang-Suk Kim “A study on the phenomenon of
rate of loading in motor operated gate valves” Nuclear Engineering & Design
240 (2010) pp 957–962
8.
Piotr
Duda,Dawid Rzasa “Numerical method for determining allowable medium temperature
during operation of steam gate valve” Mechanics and control,Vol 29 No.3 (2010)
pp 102-109.
9.
Pravin
Narale, Prof.P.S.Kahare “Structural analysis of Nozzle attachment on pressure
vessel design”,International journal of engineering research and
applications,Vol.02, Issue 4, july-August.
10.
Bouyssou,
D., Marchant, T., Pirlot, M., Perny, P., Tsouldas, A., Vincke, P. (2000)
"Evaluation and decision models. A critical perspective". Kluwer's
International Series. Boston, London, Dordrecht.
11.
Lopez-
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